condition_variable / shared variable

This blocks 1/multiple thread(s) until another thread modifies a shared variable (the condition), and notifies the condition_variable.
Advantages?
1. Avoids busy waiting, which spinlock does. For instance, if you have a thread (or multiple threads) that can't continue onward until a queue is empty, the busy waiting approach would be to just doing something.
2. Similar to [Semaphores]: CV and semaphores are similar, both signals the sleeping threads, but counting semaphore is used for n available things.

Code (Thread1 signalling Thread2)


#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

void *fun1(void* arg) {
        //pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
    cout << "Thread1 waiting on condition\n";

        //pthread_cond_wait() might provide unexepected result without mutex
        pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mutex);               
    cout << "Condition satisfied\n";
        //pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
}
void *fun2(void* arg) {
        sleep(1);
    cout << "Thread2 signalled the condition\n";
        pthread_cond_signal(&cond);
}
int main(){
    pthread_t tid1,tid2;
    pthread_create(&tid1, 0, fun1, 0);
    pthread_create(&tid2, 0, fun2, 0);

    pthread_join(tid1, 0);
    pthread_join(tid2, 0);
}
$ ./a.out
Thread1 waiting on condition
Thread2 signalled the condition
Condition satisfied

Ping Pong Game (using pthread)

1. Using pthread


#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

pthread_cond_t cond_ping = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
pthread_cond_t cond_pong = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
int j=0;

void *pong(void* arg) {
    while (j < 10) {
        pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
        pthread_cond_wait(&cond_pong, &mutex);
        ++j;
        cout << "Pong" << ",j:"<< j << "\n";
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
        pthread_cond_signal(&cond_ping);
    }
}
void *ping(void* arg) {
    while( j < 10) {
        sleep(1);
        pthread_cond_signal(&cond_pong);
        pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
        ++j;
        cout << "Ping" << ",j:" << j << "\n";
        pthread_cond_wait(&cond_ping, &mutex);
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
    }
}
int main(){
    pthread_t tid1,tid2;
    pthread_create(&tid1, 0, ping, 0);
    pthread_create(&tid2, 0, pong, 0);

    pthread_join(tid1, 0);
    pthread_join(tid2, 0);
}
$ ./a.out
Ping,j:1
Pong,j:2
Ping,j:3
Pong,j:4
Ping,j:5
Pong,j:6
Ping,j:7
Pong,j:8
Ping,j:9
Pong,j:10

2. Ping Pong Game (Using std::condition_variable, unique_lock <mutex>)

condition_variable: Block the thread until certain condition is met
std::condition_variable only works with unique_lock
Seqeunce: Thread-1 waiting on condition variable, thread-2 changes cond variable then thread-1 starts in critical section.
Thread-2 publishing on condition_variable:
- a. acquire a std::mutex (typically via std::lock_guard)
- b. perform the modification while the lock is held
- c. execute notify_one() or notify_all()

Thread-1 waiting on condition_variable:
- a. acquire a std::unique_lock, same mutex as used to protect the shared variable
- b. execute wait, wait_for, or wait_until.
Using 2 threads Using 4 threads 

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <condition_variable>

using namespace std;
mutex mtx;
condition_variable cv;
bool start = false;
int k = 0;

//5. Control reaches ping()
void ping() {								
    while(1) {
        //5a. mtx is owned by unique_lock
        unique_lock <mutex> ulock(mtx);
        
        //5b. `cv.wait(unique_lock, []{wait_condition});` 
        //wait_condition==true.
        // Lambda, return true when you want to go inside, else false
        auto wait_condition = [this]() {
            if (start == false)
                return true;
            return false;
        };

        cv.wait(ulock, wait_condition);
        
        //5e. if we have not printed 10 times, goto pong()
        if (k++ > 10)						
            return;
        start = true;
        cout << "Ping\n";
        
        //5c. unlock unique_lock.
        ulock.unlock();         

        //5d. notify_one() one of threads waiting on condition variable (start).                          
        cv.notify_one();		
    }
}

//2. Control reaches pong()
void pong() {
    while(1) {
        //3. Own the `Mutex mtx` by creating unique_lock
        unique_lock <mutex> ulock(mtx);
        
        //4. `cv.wait(unique_lock, []{wait_condition});` 
        //Wait on condition variable until wait_condition becomes true. 
        // Lambda, return true when you want to go inside, else false
        auto wait_condition = [this]() {
            if (start == true)
                return false;
            return true;
        };

        //if wait condition is true ie start==true, go in
        cv.wait(ulock, wait_condition);
        
        if (k++ > 10)
            return;
        start = false;
        cout << "Pong\n";
        ulock.unlock();
        cv.notify_one();
    }
}

int main() {
    //1. Create 2 threads ping(), pong(). 
    // Consider execution starts from pong()
    thread t1(ping);		
    thread t2(pong);
    
    t1.join();
    t2.join();
    return 0;
}                                
                            

// Condition_Variable_PingPong.cpp : Defines the entry point for the application.
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <condition_variable>

using namespace std;
mutex mtx;
condition_variable cv;
bool start = false;
int k = 1;

void ping() {
    while(1) {
        unique_lock <mutex> ulock(mtx);
        cv.wait(ulock, []
            {	//Wait until this code block return true
                return !start;
            }
        );
        if (k++ > 10)
            return;
        start = true;
        cout << "Ping\n";
        ulock.unlock();
        cv.notify_all();
    }
}

void pong() {
    while(1) {
        unique_lock <mutex> ulock(mtx);
        cv.wait(ulock, []
            {	//Wait until this code block return true
                return start;
            }
        );
        if (k++ > 10)
            return;
        start = false;
        cout << "Pong\n";
        ulock.unlock();
        cv.notify_all();
    }
}

int main()
{
    thread t1(ping);
    thread t2(pong);
    thread t3(ping);
    thread t4(pong);
    t1.join();
    t2.join();
    t3.join();
    t4.join();
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(4));
    return 0;
}
$ ./a.out
Ping
Pong
Ping
Pong
Ping
Pong
Ping
Pong
Ping
Pong