Word meanings

Ab-initio: From start
Abate: To reduce
Abetment: Encourage for crime
Abeyance: Temporary suspension
Actus Reus: Wrongful act
AIR: All India Reporter, a premier Indian law journal established in 1914 that reports supreme court and high court judgments.
Alibi: Defense of being elsewhere
Acquiescence: Agreement without protest
Acquuittal: Not guilty
Adjudiction: Legal decision
Adjudication: Legal decision
Affray: Public fight
Apostacy: Giving up religious belief
Borstal: Youth detention center
Caveat Emptor: Let the buyer beware
Condone: Leave
Conjugal: Relating to marriage
Corporea: Physical
Cr.L.J: Criminal Law Journal
Damnum sine injuria: damage without legal injury. It refers to situations where a person suffers actual loss or harm (financial, physical, or property) but has no legal claim for compensation because no legal right was infringed. Eg: 1410(Gloucester Grammar School case). Scenario: The plaintiff ran a school. The defendant set up a rival school next door, charging much lower fees.Damage: The plaintiff was forced to close their school or reduce fees significantly, resulting in substantial financial loss.Result: The court held that no action lay against the defendant
De Facto: In practice
Ex Post Facto: "From a thing done afterward" or "after the fact". If a person commits an act that is legal today, and a law is passed tomorrow making that act a crime, an "ex post facto" law cannot be used to punish them.
De jure: By Law
Doli in Capax: Incapable of crime
Evasion of Tax: Avoid tax
Escheat: Property reverts to state
Estoppel
Habeus Corpus
Ibid. (short for ibidem, meaning "in the same place") is a legal citation term used in footnotes or endnotes to refer to the same source and page as the immediately preceding citation
Juvenile Delinquency
leading question: 1st question
Magna Carta: Great Charter
Mens Rea: Guilty mind
Onus of Proof: Burden of proof
Precis: concise summary or abstract of a text
Prima Facie: "At first sight" or "on the face of it". A "prima facie case" is one where the plaintiff has presented enough initial evidence to support a claim, shifting the burden of proof to the defendant to disprove it
Precedent
SCJ: Sealed Cover Jurisprudence is a legal concept that involves the practice of submitting sensitive information to a court in a sealed envelope
Res ipsa loquitur: "the thing speaks for itself"
Sine Die:"without appointing a day for further hearing". A case may be adjourned sine die when it is postponed with no specific date for the next hearing
Res Judicata
Ultra vires
Writ

Essay Writing

1. Independence of Judiciary = doctrine of seperation of powers
2. Public Interest Litigation & its abuses
3. Rule of Law
4. Powers of President of India
5. Secularism in India
6. Fundamental Rules of Pleading
7. Affidavit
8. Plaint Format and Process
9. Deed Poll
10. Will Deed, Lease Deed
11. Bond. Draft bond with surety for loan repayment in equal installments
12. Notice by landlord to tenant to quit
13. Power of attorney
14. Petition under Art 226 Habeeas Corpus
15. Letters

General English

1. Noun(संज्ञा): Naming Words. Name of person place or thing. Eg: Amit, Agra
2. Pronoun(सर्वनाम): Words substituting nouns. eg:
  Bharthi did not come as she was ill. (She is pronoun)
  Rahul failed because he did not study. (He is pronoun)
3. Adjective(विशेषण): Words which define quality of noun. examples:
  Shoahn is a bad boy. (Bad is adjective)

4. Verb(क्रिया)

A verb is a word which expresses an action, what something does?

Types of Verbs

1. Action Verb: Run, eat, think, speak, play.Example: She plays hockey.
2. State of Being Verbs: am, is, are, was, were, exist. Example: Bombay is a good city.

5. Adverb

A word which modifies/describes a verb or another adverb. Many, but not all, adverbs end in -ly.
Examples: Slowly, quickly, very, yesterday, loudly.
He ran fast. (Fast modifies 'ran')
She is very beautiful. (Very modifies 'beautiful')

6. Prepositions

Prepositions are words placed before a noun or pronoun to show direction, time, place, or spatial relationships. They often form phrases that describe "where," "when," or "how".
Examples: In, on, at, under, over, by, for, from, to, with, into.
The book is on the table.
She traveled from Tokyo.
He sat under the tree

7. Conjunctions (Joining words)

Conjunctions act as connectors that join words, phrases, or clauses together, ensuring logical sentence construction. For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
I wanted tea, but she wanted coffee. (but is conjunction)

8. Interjections (Express sudden, strong emotions)

Interjections are words or phrases used to express sudden, strong emotions or feelings (joy, surprise, pain, or frustration). They are often followed by an exclamation mark. eg: Wow, alas, ouch, hurray, oh, oops.
Wow! That sunset is beautiful.
Ouch! That hurt.

Direct, Indirect Speech

Direct speech (exact words)
Indirect speech (reporting what someone said without exact words)
Conversion from direct to indirect
1. Converting present tenses to past(using "that" as a connector)
2. changing "I" to "he/she"

Examples

Convert

Intergative

Positive

Past Perfect

Present perfect converts to past perfact

Past Continuous

Present Continuous converts to past Continuous

Active, Passive Voice

Active: Subject acts upon the object. eg: chef(Subject) cooked(Verb) the meal
Passive: The object of the active sentence becomes the subject. eg: The meal (object became subject) was cooked by the chef

coordination and subordination

Coordination

Coordination connects two equal, independent ideas using FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).eg:
He finished his homework, and he went outside to play.
It was cold, but we went swimming anyway.
You can study now, or you can study later.

Subordination

links a dependent idea to a main, independent idea to show a relationship using words like because, although, or when.
Although he was tired, he finished his work. (Subordination is Although)
I will call you when I arrive. (subordinate is when)

Correct the sentence